The main culprit that is stopping the game from working is the old Tages copy protection on the CDs which isn't compatible with Windows 7 (especially the 64 bit version). What you need to do is this. 1) Uninstall Anno 1701 completely from your computer.
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The Journal of Negro History, Vol. IThe Project Gutenberg EBook of The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1916, by VariousThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 1916Author: VariousRelease Date: October 5, 2004 EBook #13642Language: EnglishCharacter set encoding: ISO-8859-1.
START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRO HISTORY.Produced by Curtis Weyant, Pam Mitchell, and the PG DistributedProofreaders. Quillin, 'The Color Line in Ohio,' 18.2.
'Tyrannical Libertymen,' 10-11; Locke, 'Antislavery,' 31-32;Branagan, 'Serious Remonstrance,' 18.3. Woodson, 'The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861,' 230-231.4. Constitution, Article I, Sections 2, 6.5.
Laws of Ohio, II, 63.6. Laws of Ohio, V, 53.7. Hickok, 'The Negro in Ohio,' 41, 42.8. Warden, 'Statistical, Political and Historical Account of the UnitedStates of North America,' 264.9. Quillin, 'The Color Line in Ohio,' 32.10.
The Census of the United States, from 1800 to 1850.11. Flint's Letters in Thwaite's 'Early Western Travels,' IX, 239.12.
Cist, 'Cincinnati in 1841,' 37; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, Sept.14, 1841.13. United States Census, 1850.15. Ohio State Journal, May 3, 1827; African Repository, III, 254.16. Abdy, 'Journal of a Tour in the United States,' III, 62.17.
Jay, 'Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery,' 27, 373, 385, 387;Minutes of the Convention of the Colored People of Ohio, 1849.18. Barber, 'A Report on the Condition of the Colored People of Ohio,'1840.19.
Proceedings of the Ohio Antislavery Convention, 1835, 19.20. Proceedings of the Ohio Antislavery Convention, 1835, 19.22.
African Repository, V, 185.23. African Repository, V, 185.24. For a lengthy account of these efforts see Woodson's 'The Educationof the Negro Prior to 1861,' 245, 328, 329; and Hickok, 'The Negro inOhio,' 83, 88.25.
Fairchild, 'Oberlin: Its Origin, Progress and Results.' Howe, 'Historical Collections of Ohio,' 356.27. The Southern Workman, XXXVII, 169.28. For a full account see Howe, 'Historical Collections of Ohio,'225-226.29.
Barber, 'Report on the Condition of the Colored People in Ohio,'1840, and The Philanthropist, July 14 and 21, 1840.30. These facts are taken from A. Barber's 'Report on the Conditionof the Colored People in Ohio' and from other articles contributed toThe Philanthropist in July, 1840.31. In this case I have taken the statements of Negroes who wereemployed in this capacity.32. The Philanthropist, July 14 and 24, 1840; and May 26, 1841.33.
Hickok, 'The Negro in Ohio,' 89.34. The Philanthropist, July 14 and 21, 1840.35. The Philanthropist, July 21, 1840.36.
The Cincinnati Daily Gazette, September 14, 1841.37. The Philanthropist, July 21, 1840.38. The Cincinnati Daily Gazette, September 14, 1841.40. A detailed account of these clashes is given in The CincinnatiDaily Gazette, September 14, 1841.41. The Cincinnati Daily Gazette, September, 1841.42. A very interesting account of this riot is given in Howe's'Historical Collections of Ohio,' pages 226-228.43. It was discovered that not a few of the mob came from Kentucky.About eleven o'clock on Saturday night a bonfire was lighted on thatside of the river and loud shouts were sent up as if triumph had beenachieved.
'In some cases.' Says a reporter, 'the directors were boys whosuggested the point of attack, put the vote, declared the result and ledthe way.' Daily Gaz., Sept.
14, 1841.44. Hickok, 'The Negro in Ohio,' 90 et seq.45. Laws of Ohio, XL, 81.46. Ibid., LIII, 118.47. The Convention Debates.48. Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1871,page 372.49.
Laws of Ohio.50. Ibid., LIII, 118.51. The New York Tribune, February 19, 1855.52. Lyell, 'A Second Visit to the United States of North America,' II,295, 296.53.
The Weekly Herald and Philanthropist, June 26, 1844, August 6,1844, and January 1, 1845.54. The Cincinnati Directory of 1860.55. Foote, 'The Schools of Cincinnati,' 92.56. The Weekly Herald and Philanthropist, August 23, 1844.57. Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 372.58. Simmons, 'Men of Mark,' 490.59. A white slaveholder, a graduate of Amherst, taught in this school.See Weekly Herald and Philanthropist, June 26, 1844.60.
These facts were obtained from oral statements of Negroes who wereliving in Cincinnati at this time; from M. Delany's 'The Condition ofthe Colored People in the United States'; from A. Barber's 'Report onthe Condition of the Colored People in Ohio,' 1840; and from variousCincinnati Directories.61. Delany, 'The Condition of the Colored People in the United States,'92.62.
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The Cincinnati Directory for 1860.63. For the leading facts concerning the life of Robert Gordon I havedepended on the statements of his children and acquaintances and on thevarious directories and documents giving evidence concerning the businessmen of Cincinnati. ' My dear Miss Richards: The friendship of so long standing between yourfamily and mine, and the high esteem in which, as an educator, a woman, anda Christian, you were always held by my father the late Colonel William D.Wilkins, lead me to take the liberty of writing to congratulate you uponthe well-earned retirement from active work, which I have just learned fromthe press that you contemplate after so many years well spent in faithfulservice to our community.
As a citizen and one who has always been mostinterested in the education of our youth, I wish to add my thanks to thosewhich are felt, if not expressed by the many who know of your devotion toand success in leading the young in the way in which they should go.' Though your active participation in this work is about to cease, may youlong be spared as an example to those who follow you is the earnest hope of. For many of the facts set forth in this article the writer is indebtedto Miss Fannie M. Richards, Robert A. Pelham, and C. Woodson, The Ed. Of the Negro Prior to 1861, pp.
92, 217, 218.2. The Passing Tradition and the African CivilizationA close examination shows that what we know about the Negro both of thepresent and the past vitally affects our opinions concerning him. Men'sbeliefs concerning things are to a large extent determined by where theylive and what has been handed down to them. We believe in a hell of roaringflames where in the fiercest of heat the souls of the wicked are subject toeternal burnings. This idea of hell was evolved in the deserts of theArabian Peninsula where heat is one of the greatest forces of nature withwhich man has to contend. Among the native tribes of Northern Siberiadwelling in the regions of perpetual ice and snow, hell is a place filledwith great chunks of ice upon which the souls of the wicked are placed andthere subjected to eternal freezings. This idea of hell was evolved in theregions where man is in a continual battle with the cold.The beliefs of Negroes concerning themselves have to a large extent beenmade for them.
The reader no doubt will be interested to know that theprevailing notions concerning the inferiority of the Negro grew up to alarge extent as the concomitant to Negro slavery in this country. Thebringing of the first Negroes from Africa as slaves was justified on thegrounds that they were heathen. It was not right, it was argued, forChristians to enslave Christians, but they could enslave heathen, who as aresult would have an opportunity to become Christians. These Negro slavesdid actually become Christians and as a result the colonists were forcedto find other grounds to justify their continuation of the system. Thenext argument was that they were different from white people.
Here wehave a large part of the beginnings of the doctrine of the inferiority ofthe Negro.When, about 1830, anti-slavery agitation arose in this country, a new setof arguments were brought forward to justify slavery. First in importancewere those taken from the Bible. Science also was called upon and broughtforward a large number of facts to demonstrate that by nature the Negrowas especially fitted to be a slave. It happened that about this timeanthropology was being developed. Racial differences were some of thethings which especially interested scientists in this field. The raceswere defined according to certain physical characteristics.
These, it wasasserted, determined the superiority or inferiority of races. The trueNegro race, said the early anthropologists, had characteristics whichespecially indicated its inferiority. Through our geographies, historiesand encyclopedias we have become familiar with representations of thisso-called true Negro, whose chief characteristics were a black skin, woollyhair, protuberant lips and a receding forehead. Caricaturists seized uponthese characteristics and popularized them in cartoons, in songs and inother ways. Thus it happened that the Negro, through the descriptions thathe got of himself, has come largely to believe in his inherent inferiorityand that to attain superiority he must become like the white man in color,in achievements and, in fact, along all lines.In recent years it has been asked, 'Why cannot the Negro attain superiorityalong lines of his own,' that is, instead of simply patterning after whatthe white man has done, why cannot the Negro through music, art, history,and science, make his own special contributions to the progress of theworld? This question has arisen because in the fields of science andhistory there have been brought forward a number of facts which prove thispossibility.
First of all, the leading scientists in the field ofanthropology are telling us that while there are differences of races,there are no characteristics which per se indicate that one race isinferior or superior to another. The existing differences are differencesin kind not in value. On the other hand, whatever superiority one race hasattained over another has been largely due to environment.A German writer in a discussion of the origin of African civilizationssaid some time ago 'What bold investigators, great pioneers, still find totell us in civilizations nearer home, proves more and more clearly that weare ignorant of hoary Africa.
Somewhat of its present, perhaps, we know,but of its past little. Open an illustrated geography and compare the'Type of the African Negro,' the bluish-black fellow of the protuberantlips, the flattened nose, the stupid expression and the short curly hair,with the tall bronze figures from Dark Africa with which we have of latebecome familiar, their almost fine-cut features, slightly arched nose,long hair, etc., and you have an example of the problems pressing forsolution. In other respects, too, the genuine African of the interiorbears no resemblance to the accepted Negro type as it figures on drug andcigar store signs, wearing a shabby stovepipe hat, plaid trousers, and avari-colored coat. A stroll through the corridors of the Berlin Museum ofEthnology teaches that the real African need by no means resort to therags and tatters of bygone European splendor. He has precious ornaments ofhis own, of ivory and plumes, fine plaited willow ware, weapons of superiorworkmanship. Justly can it be demanded 'What sort of civilization is this?Whence does it come?'
'It is also pointed out that one of the most important contributions to thecivilization of mankind was very probably made by the Negro race. This wasthe invention of the smelting of iron. The facts brought forward tosupport this view are: that no iron was smelted in Europe before 900 B.C.;that about 3000 B.C., there began to appear on the Egyptian monumentspictures of Africans bringing iron from the South to Egypt; that at a timeconsiderably later than this iron implements began to appear in Asia; thatthere is no iron ore in Egypt; and that in Negro Africa iron ore isabundant. In many places it is found on top of the ground and in someparts it can be melted by simply placing a piece of ore in the fire verymuch as you would a potato to be roasted.Studies in the fields of ancient and medieval history are also showingthat in the past there were in Negro Africa civilizations of probableindigenous origin which attained importance enough to be mentioned in thewritings of the historians and poets of those periods. The seat of one ofthe highest of these civilizations was Ethiopia. Here the Negro nationattained the greatest fame. As early as 2,500 years before the birth ofChrist the Ethiopians appeared to have had a considerable civilization.
Itwas well known to the writers of the Bible and is referred to therein someforty-nine times. In Genesis we read of Cush, the eldest son of Ham. Cushis the Hebrew word for black and means the same as Ethiopia. One of themost famous sons of Cush was Nimrod, whom the Bible mentions as being 'amighty hunter before the Lord; whereof it is said, like Nimrod, a mightyhunter before the Lord.'
The Bible refers to Ethiopia as being far distantfrom Palestine. In the book of Isaiah we read 'the land of the rustling ofwings which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia that sendeth ambassadors bythe sea.' The rivers of Ethiopia mentioned in Isaiah are the uppertributaries of the Nile, the Atbara, the Blue Nile and the Sobat.The later capital of Ethiopia was Meroe.
Recent excavations have shownMeroe to have been a city larger than Memphis. The Temple of Ammon, wherekings were crowned, was one of the largest in the valley of the Nile. Thegreat walls of cut stones were 15 feet thick and 30 feet high. Heaps ofiron-slag and furnaces for smelting iron were discovered, and there weremagnificent quays and landing places on the river side, for the export ofiron.
Excavations have also shown that for 150 years Egypt was a dependencyof Ethiopia. The kings of the twenty-third and twenty-fourth Egyptiandynasties were really governors appointed by Ethiopian overlords, while thetwenty-fifth dynasty was founded by the Ethiopian king, Sabako, in order tocheck Assyrian aggression. Palestine was enabled to hold out againstAssyria by Ethiopian help. Sennacherib's attempt to capture Jerusalem andcarry the Jews into captivity, was frustrated by the army of the Ethiopianking, Taharka.
The nation and religion of Judah were thus preserved frombeing absorbed in heathen lands like the lost Ten Tribes. The Negrosoldiers of the Sudan saved the Jewish religion.The old Greek writers were well acquainted with Ethiopia.
According to themin the most ancient times there existed to the South of Egypt a nation anda land designated as Ethiopia. This was the land where the people with thesunburnt faces dwelt. The Greek poet, Homer, mentions the Ethiopians asdwelling at the uttermost limits of the earth, where they enjoyed personalintercourse with the gods. In one place Homer said that Neptune, the god ofthe sea, 'had gone to feast with the Ethiopians who dwell afar off, theEthiopians who are divided into two parts, the most distant of men, someat the setting of the sun, others at the rising.' Herodotus, the Greekhistorian, described the Ethiopians as long lived and their country asextending to the Southern Sea.The great fame of the Ethiopians is thus sketched by the eminent historian,Heeren, who in his historical researches says: 'In the earliest traditionsof nearly all the more civilized nations of antiquity, the name of thisdistant people is found.
The annals of the Egyptian priests were fullof them; the nations of inner Asia, on the Euphrates and Tigris, haveinterwoven the fictions of the Ethiopians with their own traditions of theconquests and wars of their heroes; and, at a period equally remote, theyglimmer in Greek mythology. When the Greeks scarcely knew Italy and Sicilyby name, the Ethiopians were celebrated in the verses of their poets; theyspoke of them as the 'remotest nation,' the 'most just of men,' the'favorites of the gods,' The lofty inhabitants of Olympus journey to themand take part in their feasts; their sacrifices are the most agreeableof all that mortals can offer them. And when the faint gleam of traditionand fable gives way to the clear light of history, the luster of theEthiopians is not diminished. They still continue the object of curiosityand admiration; and the pens of cautious, clear-sighted historians oftenplace them in the highest rank of knowledge and civilization.' Of these facts most modern historians know but little and Negroes ingeneral almost nothing. For example, how many have ever heard of Al-Bekri,the Arab writer, who in the eleventh century wrote a description of theWestern Sudan of such importance that it gained him the title of 'TheHistorian of Negro Land'? How much, by means of research, might be learnedof the town of Ghana situate on the banks of the Niger, which the historianAl-Bekri described as a meeting place for commercial caravans from allparts of the world?
This town, he said, contained schools and centers oflearning. It was the resort of the learned, the rich, and the pious of allnations.
Likewise, most of us have never heard perhaps of another Arabwriter, Iben Khaldun, who in writing about the middle of the fourteenthcentury of Melle, another of the kingdoms of the Sudan, reported thatcaravans from Egypt consisting of twelve thousand laden camels passed everyyear through one town on the eastern border of the empire on their way tothe capital of the nation. The load of a camel was three hundred pounds.12,000 camel loads amounted, therefore, to something like 1,600 tons ofmerchandise. At this time we are told that there was probably not a ship inany of the merchant navies of the world which could carry one hundred tons.250 years later the average tonnage of the vessels of Spain was 300 tonsand that of the English much less. The largest ship which Queen Elizabethhad in her navy, the Great Mary, had a capacity of a thousand tons; butit was considered an exception and the marvel of the age.Another thing that is not generally known is the importance to which someof these Negro kingdoms of the Western Sudan attained during the middleages and the first centuries of the modern era. In size and permanencythey compared favorably with the most advanced nations of Europe. Thekingdom of Melle of which the historian, Iben Khaldun, wrote, had an areaof over 1,000 miles in extent and existed for 250 years.
It was the firstof the kingdoms of the Western Sudan to be received on equal terms withthe contemporary white nations. The greatest of all the Sudan states wasthe kingdom of Songhay which, in its golden age, had an area almost equalto that of the United States and existed from about 750 A.D. To 1591.There is a record of the kings of Songhay in regular succession for almost900 years. The length of the life of the Songhay empire coincides almostexactly with the life of Rome from its foundation as a republic to itsdownfall as an empire.The greatest evidences of the high state of civilization which the Sudanhad in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were the attention that waspaid to education and the unusual amount of learning that existed there.The university of Sankore at Timbuctu was a very active center of learning.It was in correspondence with the universities of North Africa and Egypt.It was in touch with the universities of Spain. In the sixteenth centuryTimbuctu had a large learned class living at ease and busily occupied withthe elucidation of intellectual and religious problems.
The town swarmedwith students. Law, literature, grammar, theology and the natural scienceswere studied. The city of Melle had a regular school of science. Onedistinguished geographer is mentioned, and allusions to surgical scienceshow that the old maxim of the Arabian schools, 'He who studies anatomypleases God,' was not forgotten.
One of these writers mentions that hisbrother came from Jenne to Timbuctu to undergo an operation for cataract ofthe eyes at the hands of a celebrated surgeon there. It is said that theoperation was wholly successful.
The appearance of comets, so amazing toEurope of the Middle Ages and at the present time to the ignorant, was bythese learned blacks noted calmly as a matter of scientific interest.Earthquakes and eclipses excited no great surprise.The renowned writer of the Sudan was Abdurrahman Essadi. He was born inTimbuctu in 1596. He came of learned and distinguished ancestors. He ischief author of the history of Sudan.
The book is said to be a wonderfuldocument. The narrative deals mainly with the modern history of theSonghay Empire, and relates the rise of this black civilization throughthe fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and its decadence up to the middleof the seventeenth century. The noted traveller, Barth, was of the opinionthat the book forms one of the most important additions that the presentage has made to the history of mankind. The work is especially valuablefor the unconscious light which it throws upon the life, manners,politics, and literature of the country. It presents a vivid picture ofthe character of the men with whom it deals.
It is sometimes called theEpic of the Sudan.From this brief sketch which I have given of the African in ancient andmedieval times it is clear that Negroes should not despise the rock fromwhich they were hewn. As a race they have a past which is full of interest.It is worthy of serious study.
From it we can draw inspiration; for itappears that not all black men everywhere throughout the ages have been'hewers of wood and drawers of water.' On the contrary, through longperiods of time there were powerful black nations which have left therecords of their achievements and of which we are just now beginning tolearn a little. This little, however, which we have learned teaches us thatthe Negroes of today should work and strive.
Along their own special lineand in their own peculiar way they should endeavor to make contributions tocivilization. Their achievements can be such that once more black will bedignified and the fame of Ethiopia again spread throughout the world.Monroe N. The Mind of the African Negro as Reflected in His ProverbsAs a study of folk literature of different races offers one way ofunderstanding their mental attitude toward life and its problems, thefolk literature of the Negro will reveal to us his inherent moral andintellectual bias and the natural trend of his philosophy.
Let us thereforeexamine some phases of this subject, paying particular attention to thatpart which relates especially to the proverbs. The sources of suchliterature are abundant. What the Negro Was Thinking During the Eighteenth Century Essay on Negro Slavery No. 1Amidst the infinite variety of moral and political subjects, proper forpublic commendation, it is truly surprising, that one of the mostimportant and affecting should be so generally neglected. An encroachmenton the smallest civil or political privilege, shall fan the enthusiasticflames of liberty, till it shall extend over vast and distant regions, andviolently agitate a whole continent.
But the cause of humanity shall bebasely violated, justice shall be wounded to the heart, and national honordeeply and lastingly polluted, and not a breath or murmur shall arise todisturb the prevailing quiescence or to rouse the feelings of indignationagainst such general, extensive, and complicated iniquity.-To what causeare we to impute this frigid silence-this torpid indifference-this coldinanimated conduct of the otherwise warm and generous Americans? Why dothey remain inactive, amidst the groans of injured humanity, the shrilland distressing complaints of expiring justice and the keen remorse ofpolluted integrity?-Why do they not rise up to assert the cause of Godand the world, to drive the fiend injustice into remote and distantregions, and to exterminate oppression from the face of the fair fields ofAmerica?When the united colonies revolted from Great Britain, they did it uponthis principle, 'that all men are by nature and of right ought to befree.' -After a long, successful, and glorious struggle for liberty,during which they manifested the firmest attachment to the rights ofmankind, can they so soon forget the principles that then governed theirdeterminations? Can Americans, after the noble contempt they expressed fortyrants, meanly descend to take up the scourge? Blush, ye revoltedcolonies, for having apostatized from your own principles.Slavery, in whatever point of light it is considered, is repugnant to thefeelings of nature, and inconsistent with the original rights of man.
Itought therefore to be stigmatized for being unnatural; and detested forbeing unjust.
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